Banyan trees are fig trees that begin their life as epiphyte. The most noticeable feature of banyan Ficus species is their extraordinary aerial roots，which enable them to live as hemi-epiphytes, as do the strangler figs often seen in tropical forests.
Being special for the enclosed urn-shaped inflorescence, fig plants rely on specific insect pollinators (fig wasp) for pollination and, in turn, provide nourishment and shelter for pollinators to reproduce. Morphological matching and signaling communication for host location between figs and their pollinators is required for successful pollination and oviposition.
This obligate mutualism is a fascinating case of extreme plant-insect codiversification.
In a study published in journal Cell, researchers from Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University (FAFU) and the Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden (XTBG) provided insights into the fig-wasp coevolution through comparative analyses of two Ficus genomes with and without aerial roots, monecious and dioecious,
as well as the genome of a coevolving wasp pollinator. They also sequenced more samples of figs and pollinators.
“We quantified endogenous auxin in F. microcarpa and F. hispida, and proposed that an auxin-dependent pathway promoted by light is associated with aerial root initiation, growth, and pattern formation,” said WANG Gang, associate professor at XTBG and co-first author of the study.
Furthermore, the researchers constructed an ultra-density F1 paternal genetic map and Hi-C chromosome for studying sex determination and sex evolution in Ficus plants. They found a nascent Y chromosome in F. hispida and a male-specific AGAMOUS paralog, the FhAG2 gene, as a candidate sex determination gene of this fig species.
“We also established a phylogeny of Ficus by using data from resequenced genomes of 112 Ficus accessions comprising 62 Ficus species. Our phylogenetic analysis revealed that monoecy represents the ancestral reproductive system across the genus,” noted the study.
Lastly, the researchers investigated a potential molecular mechanism of coevolution between 14 fig species of the subgenus Sycomorus and their obligate pollinator wasps. They identified candidate genes that had undergone selection, and the species-specific signaling compounds that were essential for communication in three fig-wasp species pairs.
“Population genomic analysis of subgenus Sycomorus figs and their obligate pollinator wasps and electrophysiological testing of pollinators responding to floral scents emitted from three different Ficus species support the important roles of the mevalonate and shikimate pathways in attracting species-specific pollinators and reveal potential molecular mechanisms of codiversification in this obligate mutualism,” said WANG.
“The work, integrating efforts from several universities and institutes from China and overseas, particularly the expertise on genomic analysis from FAFU and fig biology from XTBG, will enhance our understanding of the species-specific mutualism between figs and fig wasps,” said CHEN Jin, one of the corresponding authors of the study.
Contact
CHEN Jin Ph.D Principal Investigator
Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla, Yunnan 666303, China
E-mail: cj@xtbg.org.cn
Fig syconia and pollinator wasps of Ficus hispida. (Image by WANG Gang)
Banyan tree in Xishuangbanna. (Image by WANG Gang)
Receptive Inflorescence of Ficus hispida and its obligate pollinator entering through the ostiole. (Image by WANG Gang)
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